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victim of its own cruelty. They demonstrated that when we open our hearts and pardon others, we are granting ourselves an inner peace. correct manner of discussion and interaction with But keep your duty to Allah if ye are true believers. The Islamic tradition permits marriage between Muslim men and non-Muslim women belonging to the 'people of the Book' (ahl-e kitab). The best commentary on the tolerance and functional secularism of medieval India is provided by the growth of a common or composite culture reflected in the regional languages, architecture, painting, music, dress, entertainments, amusements, proverbs, folklore and folk-religions of India.32. their beliefs, but also to affirm a non-negotiable Islamic Lo! The meaning of forgiveness is Islam is two-fold. It is said that St. Augustine (d.430) interpreted the words of the gospel, 'Compel them to come in in this sense. Then he shifted 180 degrees to talk in brief However, there is room, on a temporary basis, for a transitory truce, no-war pacts, or treaties of mutual aid. compulsion in [accepting] religion. The realization that ones beliefs and convictions would have been very different had one been born in a family professing a different faith shows the essentially contingent character or complexion of ones beliefs system. Secondly, whenever we act on the basis of a general statement or command, diverse interpretations of the 'real' meaning become unavoidable. In the practice of tolerance, one's enemy is the best teacher. followers of other religions is not only to show tolerance towards But the point is that religious bigotry was not the crucial factor in the motivation of Aurangzeb who was far from being an evil tyrant and temple-destroyer. The sultans and emperors, with the sole exception of Akbar, did not presume to reinterpret Islam, but merely followed the policy of 'functional secularism'. They demonstrated that when we open our hearts and pardon others, we are granting ourselves an inner peace. Legal disabilities against Unitarians were completely removed in the forties, and against the Jews in the fifties of the 19th century. Pope: Side by side with tranquility and justice, the Christians have never been compelled (At-Tirmidhi). If Dara was poetic and speculative, Aurangzeb was puritanical and legalistic; if Dara came under the spell of the Upanisads, Aurangzeb remained in the grip of the shariah; if Dara stood for the essential unity of all religions, Aurangzeb stood for the exclusive salvation of Muslims. Islam century by the Christians.] Coming to the Umayyad period we come across numerous instances of harmonious relations and friendship between Muslims and non-Muslims. and Christians and Jews. Murty, The Indian Spirit, 1965. How could we prevent hatred, pettiness from dwelling in our hearts; how could we generously stifle these feelings? Islam as soon as they find out the truth about it. Everything under IslamiCity is categorized under the major hubs you see in this panel. No matter what some custodians of the shariah may have thought, the Muslim rulers of medieval India refused to mix religion and politics and followed a policy, which may aptly be called functional secularism. Inscribe us as among the witnesses. were driven into exile. The principle of separation was applied here even earlier than in the case of the French Republic. (Grant us) Thy forgiveness, our Lord! to be honored as Allah has honored him/her: "And we have certainly 32. Amir Ali, op. But let us try to remember our own shortcomings before we reflect on the shortcomings of others. They went beyond human altruism and practiced unmatched generosity. Science section features not just Science but also Nature and Technology. The second of three categories of crime in Islamic law is Qisas . It seems mixed racial, ethnic, language and culture sub-groups within a larger territorial unit play the dual role of generating tension and conflict within the group, yet facilitate the eventual growth of tolerance.